On December 7, 1941 at 7:48 a.m., the first wave of Japanese fighter planes attacked Oahu.
More than 350 fighter planes would descend upon the island.
The Japanese managed to destroy and damage battleships, cruisers, and hundreds of planes.
A total of 2,403 people were killed—68 were civilians—in 90 minutes.
The Pearl Harbor naval base wasn’t the only attack sight. Bombs dropped all over Honolulu.
When we look back on it, most note that daring raid by the Japanese as the start of America’s entry into World War Two.
The phrase, “remember Pearl Harbor” became a clarion call in the United States.
It was a rallying cry to mobilize American forces into a global conflict fought in two theaters on the opposite ends of the globe.
We still remember Pearl Harbor with ceremonies, memorials, and speeches.
But many have forgotten that December 7, 1941 marks the start of one of the longest violations in history.
Hawaii had been a U.S. territory and instead of a state constitution, the operative document was the Organic Act—an act of Congress that established and set up the territorial government of Hawaii.
Buried deep in the Act was a provision allowing the governor to suspend habeas corpus and declare martial law “in case of rebellion or invasion, or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it.”
The governor in 1941 was Joseph Poindexter.
Hours after the attack at 3:30 p.m., Poindexter sat at his office at Iolani Palace surrounded by military brass.
No one knew if the Japanese would come back.
The death toll was unknown.
One of the officers in the governor’s office later wrote that Poindexter quietly walked onto a veranda and looked over onto the palace grounds.
He saw two gaping craters in the lawn and wondered aloud if they were there the day before the attack.
No one had an answer.
He turned to the officers and said he believed martial law was the only viable way to preserve order and keep people safe.
The tone of the former federal judge, according to the officer, “was as if he were adjudging a death sentence.”
After declaring martial law, the military took over the territory and wouldn’t let go.
The courts were suspended and replaced with military tribunals.
The governor abdicated to a military governor whose orders were the law.
The military regulated nearly every aspect of life in the islands.
It imposed a curfew and ordered a blackout to prevent night-time attacks.
Civilians were ordered to turn off lights and blackout the headlights on their vehicles.
Barbed wire was set up across beaches and checkpoints were a common sight in Honolulu.
The military closed public schools and Japanese language schools.
Everyone over the age of six was required to be registered and fingerprinted.
Money, labor, food, traffic enforcement, and even prostitution came under the aegis of military concern and regulation.
Civilian courts were suspended and replaced with a military tribunal.
The tribunal presided over civilian and military violators of orders and proclamations.
Hawaii’s Japanese community became a target of exclusion and suspicion.
They were closely monitored.
Japanese language schools and Buddhist temples and a few Japanese Christian churches were shut down.
Up to 1,400 people of Japanese descent were rounded up and held in internment camps scattered throughout the islands—including a camp in Haiku here on Maui.
This was the status quo for the territory.
Hawaii had become a military dictatorship.
Martial law lasted long after the threat of invasion had passed.
Years after the attack on Oahu, two civilians challenged the validity of these courts during the occupation.
The military authorities sentenced them to prison for violating either civilian law or an order of the military governor.
They managed to get their case to the United States Supreme Court and the court agreed that the martial law by that point was unlawful.
The term “martial law” was supposed to “authorize the military to act vigorously for the maintenance of an orderly civil government and for the defense of the island against actual or threatened rebellion or invasion.”
It was not supposed to supplant civil courts.
But the final word on the legality of martial law in Hawaii didn’t come down until 1946—after the war and long after the barb wire was removed from the sands of Waikiki.
Clemens Ranzevieno
Football (or Soccer) in Hawaii
Where’s the best place to ignore the biggest, most anticipated, and most watched sporting event on the planet? The United States.
It’s obvious that the most popular game in the world is not popular here.
Football, (they called it Soccer) has managed to circle the globe and become the preferred and popular sport in nearly every country on every continent, except our own.
For years, football has struggled in the United States. And right now we’re in the middle of the biggest event the sport has to offer.
The World Cup is a football tournament held every four years.
The top national teams compete to determine the best soccer team on the earth. Every four years—just like the Olympics—a different country hosts the tourney.
This time the host country is also one of the most fanatical football cultures around: Brazil.
Football as we know it became popular in England and Scotland in the nineteenth century.
From there, it took over the world.
Wherever they went (and they went just about everywhere back then), football followed.
In most places, it stuck and football cultures developed.
For example, Brazilian and Argentinian futbol blossomed when Scottish and English engineers, schoolteachers, merchants, and rail workers went to build the railways of South America in the 1860s and ‘70s.
It didn’t catch on in the United States.
Folks played it early on, but it never took off like the way rugby, basketball, and baseball became part of our sports culture.
But that still doesn’t explain Hawaii.
The Hawaiian Kingdom had many English and Scottish expats and visitors.
Surely they brought with them their love of the game.
And yet, there’s no real evidence that football came with them.
The rest of the Pacific doesn’t have much of a football culture either.
The Oceania Football Confederation includes national teams from Tahiti, New Zealand, and Vanuatu is by far one of the weakest in the world.
No countries from this conference made it to the World Cup.
Then again, perhaps football was introduced early on by the English and Scots in Hawaii.
Perhaps they did play it.
Maybe Honolulu was the spot where the first ever football game in Hawaii was played.
No one really knows for sure.
The earliest evidence of organized teams date back to the early twentieth century, but by then there were established teams with uniforms, organization, and a league.
The Honolulu Advertiser ran a story in 1905 about a fierce competition between “Kams and the YWCA.”
Apparently, Kams won 12 to 9—a shocking number of goals by any standard.
Photographs dating back to 1906 show a team of young women and men at Oahu College posing in uniforms.
(Oahu College eventually became Punahou School). But this wasn’t just a game for private schools kids.
In 2013, a historian out of Hilo discovered another fascinating photograph from the same time period.
It’s a postcard depicting a football team dressed in all-white with small collared jerseys, shorts, and heavy boots of the early twentieth century.
Apparently, they were the team representing the Olaa Sugar Company.
Olaa is gone now, but in its heyday, the plantation town in Puna on the Big Island near what is now called Volcano.
It was the classic sugar plantation town.
Strangely, no one in the photograph looked Asian. They were all Portuguese, Spanish, or haole.
The game got more popular over time.
By 1910, there were established teams on the Big Island and Maui.
By the 1920s, teams from different sugar mills and from schools like Punahou and Kamehameha Schools competed regularly.
It’s been here ever since.
Folks gather to play on fields nearly every day of the week all over the island.
The folks who play here come from all over the world.
Out here in the middle of the Pacific you can find a single game with players from just about every continent.
Maui, after all, is a great place to play football.
The weather is ideal year round and our public parks have something that many other countries can’t offer the public.
My Brazilian friend once told me how lucky we are to live (and play the game) on Maui.
Any patch of grass in Brazil, he said, automatically is destroyed by kids playing football.
The only place where you can actually see the game being played on grass is on television or in a stadium.
Grass fields are just not available for most of the public.
In the images coming from Brazil, you can see street kids playing in dirt lots or in the sand on the beach.
It really puts it in perspective. Perhaps it’s best to keep football a secret after all.
It’s obvious that the most popular game in the world is not popular here.
Football, (they called it Soccer) has managed to circle the globe and become the preferred and popular sport in nearly every country on every continent, except our own.
For years, football has struggled in the United States. And right now we’re in the middle of the biggest event the sport has to offer.
The World Cup is a football tournament held every four years.
The top national teams compete to determine the best soccer team on the earth. Every four years—just like the Olympics—a different country hosts the tourney.
This time the host country is also one of the most fanatical football cultures around: Brazil.
Football as we know it became popular in England and Scotland in the nineteenth century.
From there, it took over the world.
Wherever they went (and they went just about everywhere back then), football followed.
In most places, it stuck and football cultures developed.
For example, Brazilian and Argentinian futbol blossomed when Scottish and English engineers, schoolteachers, merchants, and rail workers went to build the railways of South America in the 1860s and ‘70s.
It didn’t catch on in the United States.
Folks played it early on, but it never took off like the way rugby, basketball, and baseball became part of our sports culture.
But that still doesn’t explain Hawaii.
The Hawaiian Kingdom had many English and Scottish expats and visitors.
Surely they brought with them their love of the game.
And yet, there’s no real evidence that football came with them.
The rest of the Pacific doesn’t have much of a football culture either.
The Oceania Football Confederation includes national teams from Tahiti, New Zealand, and Vanuatu is by far one of the weakest in the world.
No countries from this conference made it to the World Cup.
Then again, perhaps football was introduced early on by the English and Scots in Hawaii.
Perhaps they did play it.
Maybe Honolulu was the spot where the first ever football game in Hawaii was played.
No one really knows for sure.
The earliest evidence of organized teams date back to the early twentieth century, but by then there were established teams with uniforms, organization, and a league.
The Honolulu Advertiser ran a story in 1905 about a fierce competition between “Kams and the YWCA.”
Apparently, Kams won 12 to 9—a shocking number of goals by any standard.
Photographs dating back to 1906 show a team of young women and men at Oahu College posing in uniforms.
(Oahu College eventually became Punahou School). But this wasn’t just a game for private schools kids.
In 2013, a historian out of Hilo discovered another fascinating photograph from the same time period.
It’s a postcard depicting a football team dressed in all-white with small collared jerseys, shorts, and heavy boots of the early twentieth century.
Apparently, they were the team representing the Olaa Sugar Company.
Olaa is gone now, but in its heyday, the plantation town in Puna on the Big Island near what is now called Volcano.
It was the classic sugar plantation town.
Strangely, no one in the photograph looked Asian. They were all Portuguese, Spanish, or haole.
The game got more popular over time.
By 1910, there were established teams on the Big Island and Maui.
By the 1920s, teams from different sugar mills and from schools like Punahou and Kamehameha Schools competed regularly.
It’s been here ever since.
Folks gather to play on fields nearly every day of the week all over the island.
The folks who play here come from all over the world.
Out here in the middle of the Pacific you can find a single game with players from just about every continent.
Maui, after all, is a great place to play football.
The weather is ideal year round and our public parks have something that many other countries can’t offer the public.
My Brazilian friend once told me how lucky we are to live (and play the game) on Maui.
Any patch of grass in Brazil, he said, automatically is destroyed by kids playing football.
The only place where you can actually see the game being played on grass is on television or in a stadium.
Grass fields are just not available for most of the public.
In the images coming from Brazil, you can see street kids playing in dirt lots or in the sand on the beach.
It really puts it in perspective. Perhaps it’s best to keep football a secret after all.
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